Review of Studies of Voice Identity Processing in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship with avh sz vs. Hc



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Supplemental Table 1. Review of Studies of Voice Identity Processing in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship with AVH

SZ vs. HC







Author

Sample size and features

Subtypes

Method and design

Results




(Ford, Mathalon, Kalba, et al., 2001b)89

10 HC; 12 SZ (a, e)

4 P; 6U; 1D; 1 R

ERP - responses to acoustic probes during talking vs. listening

SZ ≠ HC




(Ford, Mathalon, Heinks, et al., 2001)92

7 HC; 7 SZ (N.A.)

N.A.

ERP - talking aloud vs. listening

SZ ≠ HC




(Ford, Mathalon, Kalba, et al., 2001a)90

15 HC; 15 SZ (a, e)

N.A.

ERP - inner speech vs. listening

SZ ≠ HC




(Ford & Mathalon, 2005)87

Aims 3 and 4: 21 HC; 20 SZ (a, e)

(aims 1 and 2 in Ford, Mathalon, Kalba, et al., 2001b)



N.A.

EEG coherence - talking vs. listening

SZ ≠ HC




(Ford, Roach, Faustman, & Mathalon, 2007)96

25 HC; 24 SZ/SAD (e)

10 U; 9 P; 3 SAD; 2 R

ERP and EEG coherence - talking vs. listening to self-generated voice.

SZ ≠ HC;

Neural synchrony anomalies↔ AH severity






(Rotarska-Jagiela et al., 2009)82

24 HC; 24 SZ with AVH (c, d)

N.A.

DTI

SZ ≠ HC




(Kumari et al., 2010)65

20 HC; 63 SZ (c)

N.A.

fMRI - identity judgment of vocal feedback during reading

SZ ≠ HC; Good ≠ bad performers;

brain functioning anomalies ↔ AH severity






(Whitford et al., 2011)83

25 HC ; 21 SZ (e)

N.A.

ERP - self-induced vocal stimuli by button press; DTI

SZ ≠ HC




(Simons et al., 2010)72

12 HC; 15 SZ with AVH (during illness exacerbations)

N.A.

fMRI - listening vs. inner speech generation

SZ ≠ HC




(Ilankovic et al., 2011)67

23 HC; 23 SZ with AVH ( ≥3 score) (a)

N.A.

Behavioral - voice identity judgment preceded by a congruent/incongruent cue

SZ ≠ HC;

misattribution errors ↔ delusional severity



AVH vs. NAVH



















Author

Sample size and features

Subtypes

Method and design

Results




(Johns et al., 2001)23

20 HC; 10 AVH (current) (a); 8 NAVH (i)

N.A.

Behavioral - identity judgment of vocal feedback during reading

SZ ≠ HC; AVH ≠ NAVH;




(Ford, Mathalon, Whitfield, Faustman, & Roth, 2002)95

10 HC; 7 AVH (5-7 score)(e, a); 5 NAVH (1-2 score)(e, a)

4 P, 6 U, 1 D, 1 R

EEG coherence - responses to acoustic probes during talking vs. listening

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC;




(Allen et al., 2004)33

15 HC; 15 AVH (current & ≥3 score) (a); 13 NAVH (no current & 0 score) (a)

N.A.

Behavioral - voice identity judgment

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Hubl et al., 2004)81

13 HC; 13 AVH (current) (d); 13 non-AVH (no history)

N.A.

DTI

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Johns et al., 2006)24

20 HC; 10 AP with AVH; 15 SZ/SAD with AVH (current)(a) ; 15 SZ/SAD with AVH history (i) ; 15 SZ /SAD without AVH history (i)

N.A.

Behavioral - identity judgment of vocal feedback during reading

SZ/SAD with AVH ≠ HC / SZ/SAD with AVH history / AP with AVH




(Allen, Amaro, et al., 2007)28

11 HC; 10 AVH (past week & ≥3 score )(a); 10 non-AVH (no history)

N.A.

fMRI - voice identity judgment

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Heinks-Maldonado et al., 2007)69

17 HC; 20 SZ: 10 AVH (past 4 weeks) (a); 10 NAVH (absent for the last 4 weeks & ≤1 score)(a)

N.A.

ERP - identity judgment of vocal feedback during talking

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Mechelli et al., 2007)68

10 HC; 11 AVH (past week)(a); 10 NAVH (no history)

N.A.

fMRI & DCM - voice identity judgment

SZ ≠ HC; AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Fu et al., 2008)70

13 HC; 10 AVH; 10 NAVH

N.A.

fMRI - identity judgment of vocal feedback

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC




(Zhang et al., 2008)30

13 HC; 26 SZ: 13 AVH; 13 NAVH (a)

P

fMRI - familiar vs. unfamiliar voices discrimination

AVH ≠ HC




(Alba-ferrara, Weis, Damjanovic, Rowett, & Hausmann, 2012)29

13 HC; 13 AVH (current & ≥3 score) (a); 12 NAVH (no current & ≤1score) (a)

N.A.

Behavioral - famous voices recognition

SZ ≠ HC; AVH ≠ NAVH;




(Chhabra, Badcock, Maybery, & Leung, 2012)31

34 HC; 65 SZ/SZ spectrum disorder: 33 AVH (current) (b); 32 NAVH (no current)

N.A.

Behavioral - similarity judgment between voices

SZ ≠ HC




(Mou et al., 2013)64

13 HC; 13 AVH (past 2 weeks & ≥4 score)(a); 13 NAVH (no history & 0 score)(a)

N.A.

fMRI- identity judgment of familiar vs. unfamiliar voices

AVH ≠ NAVH / HC

Note. SZ=schizophrenia; NAVH=without AVH; SAD=schizoaffective disorder; AP=affective psychosis; P=paranoid; U=undifferentiated; D=disorganized; R=Residual; PNOS=psychosis not otherwise specified; SZP=schizophreniform; SZD=Schizoid; FEP= First-episode: N.A. = NON APPLICABLE; AH=auditory hallucinations

a Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms – SAPS (Andreasen, 1984);97 b Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (Haddock, McCarron, Tarrier, & Faragher, 1999);98 c Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS (Kay, S R Fiszbein & Opler, 1987);99 d Semi-structured interview; e Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS (Overall, 1961);100 f Modified version of the Present State Examination (Wing et al., 1990);101 g Topography of Voices Rating Scale (Husting & Hafner, 1990);102 h Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (Bentall & Slade, 1986);103 i Assessed by case-notes and patients self-report.

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