Listing: thinking process with music
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Study Guide for Music 1000 1
Music
Listing: thinking process with music
Hearing: noise- background
3 levels of music
Sensual: surface impact of sound itself, how are you feeling
Perceptual: how the sound is related to one another or why is the music making you feel a certain way
Imaginal: able to anticipate what is going to happen.
Texture
Monophony
Poloyphony
Homophony
Melody
Range
Intervals: leaps or steps
Modes: major minor atonal or other
Length: short or long
Cadence
Direction
Shape: smooth or jagged
Register
Structure
Usage
Rythem
Tempo
Beat
Grouping: 2 or 3rds
Strength
Quality
Duration
Articulation
Accents
Rubato
Patterns
Harmony
Structure
Quality
Tonality
Density
Cadences
Modulation
Harmonic rhythm
Prominence
Timbre/ colour
Dynamics
Forte
Piano
Adjective mezzo
Fortissimo
Pianissimo
Crescendo
Diminuendo
Tempo
Largo
Adagio
Andante
Moderato
Allegretto
Allegro
Presto
Diatonic: belongs to the same scale
Chromatics: uses notes outside of the scale
Orchestra
String
Woodwinds
Brass
Percussion
Other ways to make sound
Chordophones: String interements
zither
lates
lyres
harps
musical bow
Aerophones: sound created be vibrating air
Membranophones: sound created by vibration over a stretch membrane
Idiophones: source of sound: drum stick
Electrophones: electronic sound
Form
Organization of structures in music
Planned structures (we will talk more about these when we get to chapters 5-20)
Melodic repetition
Ordering of timbres
Text rhyme (for songs)
Affects the Imagenial level
Theme and variation
Early Music overview
600 A.D
Controlled by the catholic church
Music was sung in
Mass
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Agnus dei
Divine office
Plainchant
Only voices, steady beat, no meter
Plain chant
Monophonic
Melisma
Organum
Antiphone: call and echo
Polyphony
2 or more melodies are uses
Trinity: music in 3
ARS Antique: old way
ARS Nova: New Way 1300
composers carried rhythmic complexities to extraordinary degrees. Rhythm seems to have obsessed them.
School of Notre Dame- 1600
Tonic: final note
Resonance: 1350-1600 14th -16th centuries
Italy
Intellectual movement
Paraphrase: Used chants from the church and change the bits
Imitation was used
Homopony was created in the 15th centrenty
High Resonance 15th century
The creation of music to illustrate specific feelings or moods
Creation of word painting
Slowly started to add in instruments
The Reformation- part of the late reformation
Rebellion against the authority of the catholic church
Martian Luther (1483-1546): created the Lutheran Church, took parts of the C. church and change parts
Giovanni Gabrieli (1525/1526-1594)
Wrote the Pope Marcellous Mass
Used 2 choirs, 3 voice parts, 4 instrumenal parts plus and organ
Gesualdo (1580)
Used harmony to alter feelings
Baroque start of the 1600s
Florence Italy
Text is the mistress of music
The mistress of music is the text
Creation of musical instruments
Dance
Fugue: Music a contrapuntal composition in which a short melody or phrase (the subject) is introduced by one part and successively taken up by others and developed by interweaving the parts
Once complete the subject can play a counter subject
Inversion: making the subject upside down
Oggentation: change in speed: longer
Diminution: change in speed: shorter
Episode: related to the subject but not the subject
The Music
Rhythms became more definite, regular and insistent
No floating rhythms, same time through out the whole piece
Creation of the bar line
Basso Continuo: constant bass to fill in the background
Ground bass: ostinato, keeps coming back
Evolved harmony: Functional harmony
Opera- early baroque
Recitative: Storyline
Aria: Emotions
Extended piece for a solo singer
Orchestra had more variety due to the story line
Orchestra
Strings
1st violins
2nd violins
violas
Cello
Winds and brass and percussion
King Louis (XIV- 14)
24 violinistes du roi: violinist of the king
Study Guide 2:
Concerto
Contrast between an orchestra and soloist
Concerto-vivaldi
3 movements
2 different organizational principles
Concerto Grasso
Several solo instruments and orchestra
Arcangelo Corelli (1700)
First to:
Musician to make money publishing
Wrote only for instruments
Clearly in a major or minor scale
Opera sierra
Upper scale
More serious
Appled to the upper class
Recitative
The music accomplices the words
Used for plot action dialog where the words are brought more b/c it is a important/ intense part of the story
Aria
A set piece for a solo singer
More elaborate and coherence
Libertto
Classical Genres
The Sonata
Created in the classical period
Way of creating the music
A : B A
A is the expostion usally is repeated
B is the delvopment
A is the replication: hear the first theme again
The bridge is between to different themes
The Classical Concerto
The string Quartet
Only strings
Ussly 4 people
Opera Buffa
Comic opera
Offered to the public
Forms
Binary
Simple only 2 sections
A B format
Ronda
Alternates
A B A B A or A B A C A
Sonta- allergro
Complex
Started Classical period
Exposition: development/ recapitulation: Coda
Introduction
Happens before the exposition
Never repeated
Part of Sonta- allergro
Coda
End of piece
Independent section
Closing theme
Harmonic
Key structure(s) of the different sections (including in general …modulations)
Melodic
What melodies are heard, how they are typically contrasting, exposed, developed, recapitulated
Motivic
What happens to the melody (ies) (in the development section of sonata form)
Periods
Late Brouque 1700- 1750
Style by periods
Melody
Longer, more complex, asymmetrical, instruments influenced vocal melodies
Harmony
Rhythm
Driving constant
Bass creates the consistent
Colour
Texture
Form
J.S Bach 1685- 1750
Church- wrote music for them
Local fame: Did not move
His music died with him
Wrote a ton of music
G.F Handel 1685- 1756
Famous
Traveled
Brought opera to London
International fame
Telemann
Vivaldi
Classical 1750- 1800
Style by periods
Melody
Short , balanced create tuneful melodies
More influenced by vocals
Harmony
Rhythm
Varies
Stop and go
Depends on the movement
Colour
Texture
Form
Mozart 1756-1791
Started young
Wrote in popular Genre
Toured all of Europe with his father and sister
FJ Haydn 1732- 1809
Started his real first job in 1751
Father of symphony
Created orginal pieces
Worked for a rich family
Jean- jaques Rousseau
Philoshper, significant impact on music
Comic opera about “real” people
Romantic period
Style by period
Melody
Long, sing able lines with powerful climaxes and chromatic inflections for expressiveness
Harmony
More colorful and richer
Helps with expessing emotin through the music
More dissonance to convey feeling of anxiety and longing
Rhythm
Fexlible
Not very clearly articulated
Colour
Orchestra becomes HUGE
This gave new effects to the music
Piano becomes larger and more powerful
Texture
Form
No new forms are created, stay with traditional forms but length them
Lied is created: symphonic poem and orchestral song or mini opera
Composers
Beethoven
Schubert
Schumann
Chopin
Strauss
Wagner
Genres
NEW
Symphonic poem
Leid
Character piece for the piano
Impressionism (1820-1920)
Style by period
Melody
Varies from short dabs to long free flowing lines
Chromatic scales whole tone scale and pentatonic scale often replace major and minor scales
Harmony
Rhythm
Free flexible with irregular accents
Colour
Focus on the woodwinds and brass to carry the melody
More soloistic writing -> brings out the colour more
Texture
Can vary from thin and airy to heavy and dense
Form
Tried to use a unique form and particulcular to each musical work.
Composers
Composers
Late baroque
J.S Bach 1685- 1750
Church- wrote music for them
Local fame: Did not move
His music died with him
Wrote a ton of music
G.F Handel 1685- 1756
Famous
Traveled
Brought opera to London
International fame
Classical (1750- 1800)
Mozart 1756-1791
Started young
Wrote in popular Genre
Toured all of Europe with his father and sister
FJ Haydn 1732- 1809
Started his real first job in 1751
Father of symphony
Created original pieces
Worked for a rich family
Romantic (1800-1900)-> Individuality
Beethoven Early (1700-1827)
Wrote 9 symphonies
1-2: first period of his life: pushes the envelope of classical period
3-8: second period of life -> more emotional
9: 3rd period of life
Schubert (1797-1828) early
Spont. Melodist
Combined music with lyrics
Lied: Love poems with music
R. Schumann (1810- 1856) traditionalist early
Strauss
Mendelssohn (1809 – 47)
Berlioz (1803- 1847)
Created the transformation from one motif (Music a short succession of notes producing a single impression; a brief melodic or rhythmic formula out of which longer passages are developed: the motif in the second violin is submerged by the first violin's countermelody. ) to another
Wagner (1813-1883) late romantic
German
Nationalist
Gesamtkunstwerk
Romantic opera
Lizet
Symphonic poem
Created crazy melodies
Mainly a pianist
J. Brahms
Traditionalist
Followed Beethoven
Sonata form
Gustan Mahler
20th century
Oliver Messiaen
changes the concepts of time
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