Ap psychology Exam Review Perspectives/History (2–4%)



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AP Psychology Exam Review

1. Perspectives/History (2–4%)

  • Historical perspectives-structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis-know who the major names are associated with each (James, Watson, Freud, Skinner…)

  • Current perspectives-biological view, developmental view, cognitive view, psychodynamic view, humanistic view, behavioral view, sociocultural view, Evolutionary view


2. Research Methods (8-10%)

  • 5 steps of the scientific method

  • Types of research:

    • Experiment

      • Independent/dependent/confounding variables

      • Control/experiment group

      • Types of bias/sources of bias

    • Correlational Study/survey

    • Observation/naturalistic observation

    • Ex post facto

    • Longitudinal study

    • Cross sectional study

    • Cohort sequential study

  • Statistical analysis: mean, median, mode, correlation coefficient, histogram, “statistically significant”

  • Ethical standards (deception and debriefing)

  • Random sample vs. random assignment


3. Biopsychology (8–10%)

  • Evolution/natural selection-Darwin’s theories

  • Genetics/inheritance

  • Nature vs. Nurture

  • Neurons-Parts, functions, types, neurotransmitters

  • Divisions of the nervous system-CNS, PNS-somatic, autonomic-sympathetic, parasympathetic

  • Three layers of the brain-brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

    • All major parts and functions

    • All the lobes of the cerebral cortex

  • Cerebral dominance/split brain


4. Sensation/Perception (6-8%)

  • Transduction-changing stimuli to sensation

  • Sensory adaptation

  • Thresholds-absolute, Just Noticeable Difference…

  • Signal detection Theory

  • Specific senses-vision and hearing

  • Perceptual processing-The binding problem, bottom up processing, top down processing

  • Perceptual consistency

  • Figure and ground

  • Closure

  • The Gestalt Laws-perceptual grouping, law of similarity, law of proximity, law of common fate

  • Binocular vs. monocular clues

  • Perceptual sets


5. States of Consciousness (2–4%)

  • Conscious vs. non-conscious processing

  • Levels of the non-conscious mind

  • Sleep: Circadian rhythms, REM vs. N-REM, all the sleep stages, sleep paralysis

  • Dreams-current theories vs. Freudian theories

    • Manifest content vs. Latent content

  • Hypnosis

  • Psychoactive drugs


6. Learning (7–9%)

  • Learning vs. instinct

  • Simple and complex learning

  • Ivan Pavlov

  • Classical conditioning

    • Neutral stimulus

    • Acquisition

    • UCS/CS/UCR/UCR

    • Extinction

    • Discrimination

    • Spontaneous recovery

  • Operant conditioning

    • Law of effect

    • Reinforce-positive and negative reinforcement

    • Punishment-positive and negative reinforcement

    • B.F. Skinner

    • Schedules of reinforcement-continuous vs. intermittent, ratio vs. interval

      • Shaping

    • Primary vs. secondary reinforces

    • Token economy

  • Wolfgang Kohler-study with chimps

  • Cognitive maps

  • Latent learning

  • Observational learning-Bobo doll experiment


7. Cognition (8-10%)

  • Memory:

    • 3 basic processes/information processing model: encoding, storage, retrieval

    • Eidetic memory

    • Sensory memory

    • Working Memory

    • Long term memory

    • Chunking, rehearsal

    • Levels of processing theory

    • Declarative memory

    • Episodic memory

    • Procedural memory

    • Semantic memory

    • Engram

    • Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

    • Flashbulb memory

    • Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

    • Priming

    • Recall vs. Recognition

    • Mood-memory congruent

    • Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory

      • Transience

      • Absent mindedness

      • Blocking

      • Misattribution

      • Suggestibility

      • Bias

      • Persistence

  • Language structures of the brain-LAD

  • Acquiring vocabulary


8. Emotion and Motivation (6-8%)

  • Plutchik’s Emotion Wheel

  • Nueroscience of emotion-role of limbic system (amygdale, hypocampus, reticular formation, cerebral cortex)

  • James-Lang Theory vs. Cannon-Bard Theory

  • Two-Factor Theory

  • Opponent –process theory

  • The inverted U/Yerkes Dodson Model

  • Types of motivation-intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation

  • Theories of Motivation

    • Instinct Theory

    • Drive Theory

    • Cognitive Theory of Loci

    • Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis

    • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  • Stress vs. Stressor

  • Traumatic stressors/PTSD

    • 5 stages of recovery

  • Physical response to stress, Fight or Flight

  • General Adaptation Syndrome

  • Type A/Type B Patterns


9. Psychological Development (7–9%)

  • Fraternal/Identical twins

  • Continuity view of development

  • Discontinuity view of development

  • Prenatal Development

    • Prenatal period, teratogens

  • Neonatal period

  • Infancy

  • Attachment

  • Imprinting

  • Contact comfort

    • Harry Harlow’s study with monkeys

  • Maturation

  • Cognitive Development/Piaget

    • Schemas, assimilation/accommodation

    • Piaget’s stages of development

      • Sensorimotor

      • Preoperational

        • Egocentrism

        • Animistic thinking

        • Centration

        • Irreversibility

      • Concrete Operational

      • Formal Operational

  • Theory of mind

  • Zone of proximal development

  • 4 distinct parenting styles

  • Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development (8 stages)

  • Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning (6 stages)

  • Development challenges of adults (pg 396)


10. Personality (5-7%)

  • Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory of Personality (iceberg model)

    • Id

    • Ego

    • Superego

    • Unconscious

    • Libido

    • Oedipus complex

    • Defense mechanisms

    • Repression

    • Rorschach Inkblot Tests

  • Carl Jung

    • Personal unconscious/collective unconscious

  • Humanistic Theories

    • Abraham Maslow-Self-actualizing personalities

    • Carl Rogers-Fully functioning person

  • Locus of control-Rotter’s Theory

  • The “Big Five” Traits/The Five-Factor Theory


11. Testing and Individual Differences (5–7%)

  • Validity

  • Reliability

  • Face validity

  • Content validity

  • Item analysis

  • Standardized test

  • Split-half reliability

  • Intelligent quotient (IQ)

  • Objective tests

  • Subjective tests

  • Inter-rater reliability

  • Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

  • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

    • Linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence


12. Psychological Disorders (7–9%)

  • Psychopathology

    • Hallucinations

    • Delusions

    • Affect

  • Hippocrates Humor Theory

  • A brief history of how psychological disorders were treated

  • Indicators of Abnormality

    • Distress

    • Maladaptiveness

    • Irrationality

    • Unpredictability

    • Unconventionality/ Undesirable behavior

  • DSM-IV-TR

  • Mood Disorders (with examples and symptoms)

  • Cognitive-Behavioral Cycle of Depression

    • Major depression, Bipolar Disorder

  • Anxiety Disorders (with examples and symptoms)

    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  • Somatoform Disorders

    • Conversion disorder, Hypochondriasis

  • Dissociative Disorders

    • Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Depersonalization Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • Eating Disorders

  • Schizophrenia

    • Major Types of Schizophrenia: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated and Residual

    • Causes of schizophrenia

  • Personality Disorders

    • Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder

  • Developmental Disorders

    • Autism, Dyslexia


13. Therapies for Psychological Disorders (5–7%)

  • Insight Therapies

  • Talk Therapies

  • Psychoanalysis: Analysis of transference

  • Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies

  • Humanistic Therapies: Client-Centered Therapy

  • Cognitive Therapies

  • Group Therapies

  • Group Therapies/Self-Help Support Groups

  • Behavior Therapies

    • Behavior modification

    • Classical Conditioning Therapies

    • Systematic Desensitization

    • Aversion Therapy

    • Exposure Therapy

    • Operant Conditioning Therapies-Token Economies

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    • Rational-Emotional Behavior Therapy

  • Drug Therapies

    • Antipsychotic drugs

    • Antidepressants

    • Mood stabilizers

    • Antianxiety

    • Stimulants

  • Brain Stimulation Therapies


14. Social Psychology(8-10%)

  • Social context

  • Social reality

  • Social roles

  • Social norms

  • Conformity

    • Asch Effect

    • Group think-factors that promote group think

  • Milgram’s Obedience Experiment

    • Why we obey authority

  • The bystander problem

    • Kitty Genovese

    • Diffusion of responsibility



  • Reward theory of attraction

    • Proximity

    • Similarity

    • Self-disclosure

    • Physical attractiveness

  • Matching hypothesis

  • Expectancy-value theory

  • Cognitive dissonance

  • Fundamental attrition error (FAE)

  • Self-serving bias

  • 5 causes of prejudice

    • Dissimilarity and social distance

    • Economic competition

    • Scapegoating

    • Conformity to social norm

    • Media stereotypes

  • Social facilitation

  • Social loafing

  • Deindividualization

  • Group polarization

  • Groupthink

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